HISTORY OF COMPUTER.

Computers truly made their mark as incredible innovations in the most recent too many years of the twentieth century. Be that as it may, their history extends back over 2500 years to the math device: a straightforward number cruncher produced using globules and wires, which is still utilized as a part of a few sections of the world today. The difference between an ancient abacus and a modern computer seems vast, but the principle making repeated calculations more quickly than the human brain is exactly the same.

The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms.

 

Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.

Computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of time and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

First generation: 1937 – 1946; In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 1947 – 1962; This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.

Third generation: 1963 – present; The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.

GUI BASED LANGUAGES

With the invention and popularity of GUI based interfaces. GUI based languages include:

TCL/Tk

Visual basic

Visual C++

C#

Visual basic.NET

Visual basic 2005

REFERENCE LIST.

A Brief History of the Computer (b.c. – 1993a.d.) on Jeremy Meyers dot com. 2016. A Brief History of the Computer (b.c. – 1993a.d.) on Jeremy Meyers dot com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.jeremymeyers.com/comp [Accessed 23 February 2016].

History of computers – from the Abacus to the iPhone. 2016. History of computers – from the Abacus to the iPhone. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/historyofcomputers.html. [Accessed 23 February 2016].

Computer History. 2016. Computer History. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm. [Accessed 23 February 2016].

• MUHAMMAD KEANA, HALAD.

computer history

 

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

COMPUTER GENERATIONS

Computers technology change after some period of time with new revolutionary technology is known as generations. There are five generations in total are as follows:

(By Danish Shahzad)

 

First Generation Computers

The first generation of computers was fought between the periods of time from 1946 to 1959. The computers of this era was known as first generation of computers. Vacuum tubes were used for the basic mechanisms of memory and central processing unit (CPU). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations. Large organizations could not afford it because these tubes were very expensive. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. Batch processing were mainly used in this generation of computers. Computers of this were non-portable, huge size, slow input and output devices, need of A.C. very costly, supported machine language only, unreliable and consumed lots of electricity. Some example computers of this generation were ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, and IBM701, IBM650.

(By Danish Shahzad)

 

 

Second Generation Computers

The second generation of computers was fought between the periods of time from 1959 to 1965. The computers of this era was known as second generation of computers. Transistors were used in this generation of computers. Transistors consumed less power, they were cheaper, compact in size, reliable and faster than first generation of computers. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. This generation computers needed A.C. supported machine and assembly language. Some example computers were IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.

(By Danish Shahzad)

 

 

 

Third Generation Computers

The third generation of computers was fought between the periods of time from 1965 to 1971. Integrated circuits (IC’S) were used in this generation of computers. An IC is consisted of many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the circuit. Jack Kilby invented the IC technology which made computers much smaller in size. Reliable and efficient for the users.  In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. This generation computers were faster,  generates less heat, A.C. needed, consumes less electricity can support high level language, faster but still very costly. Some example computers were IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168, TDC-316.

(By Danish Shahzad)

 

 

Fourth Generation Computers

The fourth generation of computers fought between the periods of time from 1971 to 1980. Very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits was used in this generation. VLSI circuits used about 500 transistors and other associated circuits on a single ship which made fourth generation computers into microcomputers. Fourth generation computers were compact, reliable, and affordable to most of the peoples. Fourth generation computers can allow users to use all the high level languages like database, C, C++. No A.C. needed. Concept of internet was introduced in this generation of computers. Computers become easily available. Some examples are DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP.

(By Danish Shahzad)

 

 

Fifth Generation Computers

The fifth generation of computers fought between the periods of time 1980 till now. In the fifth generation of computers VLSI technology becomes ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). Computers of this generation used AI software. AI allows users to play games, natural language understanding and generation. In this generation the microprocessors chip can have a capacity of ten million electronic components. Parallel processing were used in this generation. This generation used all kinds of high level language like C, C++, .net, java etc. some examples are Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook and Chrome book.

(By Danish Shahzad)

The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms.

1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world’s first computer was actually built.

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.

1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.

1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.

By Saad muhammad tanko

Computer revolution

 

“history.com” Today’s PCs are radically not quite the same as the huge, bulky machines that rose out of World War II–and the distinction isn’t just in their size. By the 1970s, innovation had developed to the point that individuals–mostly specialists and gadgets buffs–could buy unassembled PCs or “microcomputers” and system them for no particular reason, however these early PCs couldn’t perform huge numbers of the helpful assignments that today’s PCs can. Clients could do scientific estimations and play basic recreations, yet the vast majority of the machines’ allure lay in their curiosity. Today, many organizations offer PCs, extras and advanced programming and diversions, and PCs are utilized for an extensive variety of capacities from essential word preparing to altering photographs to overseeing spending plans. At home and at work, we utilize our PCs to do nearly everything. It is about difficult to envision current existence without them.

“history.com” The PC transformation had started. Before long organizations such as Xerox, Tandy, Commodore and IBM had entered the business sector, and PCs got to be universal in workplaces and in the end homes. Developments like the “Graphical User Interface,” which permits clients to choose symbols on the PC screen as opposed to composing muddled orders, and the PC mouse made PCs much more helpful and easy to understand. Today, portable workstations, advanced mobile phones and tablet PCs permit us to have a PC with us wherever we go.

 

Mind Computer Interfaces

Technologyreview.com

Maybe a definitive PC interface, and one that remaining parts some way off, is brain control.

Surgical inserts or electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors can be utilized to screen the mind action of individuals with serious types of paralysis. With preparing, this innovation can permit “secured” patients to control a PC cursor to illuminate messages or direct a wheelchair.

A few organizations would like to bring the same sort of cerebrum PC interface (BCI) innovation to the standard. A month ago, Neurosky, situated in San Jose, CA, declared the dispatch of its Bluetooth gaming headset intended to screen basic EEG action. The thought is that gamers can increase additional forces relying upon how quiet they are.

 

Past gaming, BCI innovation could maybe be utilized to soothe anxiety and data over-burden. A BCI venture called the Cognitive Cockpit (CogPit) utilizes EEG data as a part of an endeavor to lessen the data over-burden experienced by plane pilots.

The undertaking, which was previously subsidized by the U.S. government’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is intended to perceive when the pilot is being over-burden and deal with the way that data is sustained to him. For instance, on the off chance that he is as of now verbally speaking with base, it might be more fitting to caution him of an approaching danger utilizing visual means instead of through a discernable alarm. “By evaluating their psychological state starting with one minute then onto the next, we ought to have the capacity to enhance the stream of data to them,” says Blair Dickson, a specialist on the task with U.K. resistance innovation organization Qinetiq.(by muhyiddeen Bello)

 

History Of Computers

The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms.

 

1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

 

1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world’s first computer was actually built.

 

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.

 

1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.

 

1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.

By (Saad muhammad tanko)

 

References

Freed, L. and Ishida, S. (1995). The history of computers. Emeryville, Calif.: Ziff-Davis Press

http://www.tutorialspoint.com, (2016). Computer Fifth Generation. [Online] Available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_fifth_generation.htm [Accessed 20 Feb. 2016].

http://www.tutorialspoint.com, (2016). Computer First Generation. [Online] Available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_first_generation.htm [Accessed 20 Feb. 2016].

http://www.tutorialspoint.com, (2016). Computer Fourth Generation. [Online] Available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_fourth_generation.htm [Accessed 20 Feb. 2016].

http://www.tutorialspoint.com, (2016). Computer Second Generation. [Online] Available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_second_generation.htm  [Accessed 20 Feb. 2016].

http://www.tutorialspoint.com, (2016). Computer Third Generation. [Online] Available at:

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_third_generation.htm [Accessed 20 Feb. 2016].

(By Danish Shahzad)

 

FAMOUS I.T INVENTOR – STEVE JOBS

Early Life

Steven jobs San Francisco, 1955, will two school people Joanne Schieble Also syrian born john Jandali. They were both unmarried toward those time, Also Steven might have been provided for up to reception.

Steven was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs, whom he always considered to be his real parents. Steven’s father Paul encouraged him to experiment with electronics in their garage. This led to a life long interest in electronics and design.

Steve Jobs attended a local school in California and later enrolled at Reed College, Portland, Oregon. His education was characterised by excellent test results and potential. But, he struggled with formal education and his teachers reported he was a handful to teach.

Steve and Apple

In 1976, Wozniak invented the first Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak and Ronald Wayne then set up Apple computers. In the very beginning Apple computers were sold from Jobs parents’ garage.

Over the next few years, Apple computers expanded rapidly as the market for home computers began to become increasingly significant.

Despite the many innovative success of Jobs at Apple, there was increased friction between Jobs and other workers at Apple. In 1985, removed from his managerial duties, Jobs resigned and left Apple. He later looked back on this incident and said that getting fired from Apple was one of the best things that happened to him, it helped him regain a sense of innovation and freedom, he couldn’t find working in big company.

Life After Apple

On leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT computers. This was never particularly successful, failing to gain mass sales. However, in the 1990s, NeXT software was used as a framework in WebObjects used in Apple Store and iTunes store. In 1996, Apple bought NeXT for $429 million.

Much more successful was Job’s foray into Pixar a computer graphic film production company. Disney contracted Pixar to create films such as Toy Story, A Bug’s Life and Finding Nemo. These animation movies were highly successful and profitable. This earn jobs significant respect and success.

Return to Apple

Jobs launched Apple on a new direction. With a certain degree of ruthlessness, some projects were summarily ended. Instead, Jobs promoted the development of a new wave of products which focused on accessibility, appealing design and innovate features.

The iPod was a revolutionary product in that it built on existing portable music devices and set the standard for portable digital music played. In 2008, iTunes became the second biggest music retailer in US, with over 6 billion song downloads and over 200 million iPods sold.

Under Jobs, Apple managed to overtake Microsoft in terms of share capitalization. Apple also gained a pre-eminent reputation for the development and introduction of ground breaking technology.

Jobs earned only $1million as CEO of Apple. But, share options from Apple and Disney gave him an estimated fortune of $8.3billion

In 1991, he married Laurenne Powell, together they had three children and lived in Palo Alto, California.

Steve Jobs died in 2011 at the age of 56.

(MUHAMMAD KEANA, HALAD)

mobile operating system(os)

An OS is a system that demonstrations a middle person between the client of a Computer and Computer equipment.

FUNCTIONS:-

 

Disentangle the execution of client program and make taking care of client issues less demanding.

-Use PC equipment effectively.

-Allow sharing of equipment and programming assets.

-Make application programming convenient and flexible.

-Provide segregation, security and assurance among client programs.

-Improve general framework unwavering quality

 

Configuration and abilities of a Mobile OS (Operating System) is altogether different than a universally useful OS running on desktop machines: –mobile gadgets have requirements and limitations on their physical trademark, for example, screen size, memory, preparing power and so on. –Scarce accessibility of battery force –Limited measure of figuring and correspondence capacities

 

Along these lines, they require distinctive sorts of working frameworks relying upon the capacities they bolster. e.g. a PDA OS is not quite the same as a Smartphone OS.

 

• Operating System is a bit of programming in charge of administration of operations, control, organize the utilization of the equipment among the different application projects, and sharing the assets of a gadget

 

In this way, they require distinctive sorts of working frameworks relying upon the abilities they bolster. e.g. a PDA OS is unique in relation to a Smartphone OS

 

There are numerous portable working frameworks. The followings exhibit the most essential ones: –Java ME Platform –Palm OS –SymbianOS –Linux OS –Windows Mobile OS –BlackBerry OS –iPhoneOS –Google Android Platform

JAVA

 

J2ME stage is an arrangement of advances, determinations and libraries created for little gadgets such as cell telephones, pagers, and individual coordinators.

 

• Java ME was outlined by Sun Microsystems. It is authorized under GNU General Public License

 

Design: it characterizes a base stage including the java dialect, virtual machine components and least class libraries for a gathering of gadgets. E.g. CLDC

FEATURES

• Profile: it bolsters more elevated amount administrations basic to a more particular class of gadgets. A profile expands on a design however adds more particular APIs to make a complete domain for building applications. E.g. MIDP

 

Setup: it characterizes a base stage including the java dialect, virtual machine components and least class libraries for a gathering of gadgets. E.g. CLDC

PA

 

Palm OS[1]is an installed working framework intended for usability with a touchscreen-based graphical client interface.

 

• It has been executed on a wide assortment of cell phones, for example, PDAs, standardized identification perusers, and GPS gadgets.

 

• It is keep running on Arm engineering based process

famous i.t person

 

STEAVE JOBS

Steve Jobs, the prime supporter and CEO of Apple Computer, beat the Computer Weekly 40th anniversary survey because of the dedicated completing he has created his pionnier work in individualized computing and item outline.

 

steave jobs was born in 1955 in San Francisco, and at the time of his secondary school years he demonstrated his initial eagerness by attending  after-school classes addresses at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. He met felow Apple originator Steve Wozniak during a mid year work at HP.

 

In the harvest time of 1974, Jobs, who had dropped out of college after one term, started going to gatherings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Steve Wozniak. He accepted a vocation as a specialist at Atari, a maker of mainstream computer games.

 

At 21 years old Jobs saw a PC that Wozniak had intended for his own utilization and persuaded his companion to showcase the item.

 

Apple Computer was established as an organization on 1 April 1976. In spite of the fact that the beginning arrangement was to offer just printed circuit sheets, Jobs and Wozniak wound up making a cluster of totally collected PCs, and entered the PC business.

 

Their second machine, the Apple II, was presented the next year and turned into a colossal achievement, transforming Apple into a vital player in the beginning PC industry.

 

In 1983 Apple dispatched the Lisa, the main PC with a graphical client interface – a fundamental component in making processing available to the masses. It tumbled due to its restrictive cost, however the following year Apple dispatched the particular, lower evaluated Macintosh and it turned into the main monetarily fruitful GUI machine.

 

In spite of his achievement in establishing Apple, Jobs left after a meeting room column in 1985. Be that as it may, his impact on the PC business did not end there.

 

Employments proceeded onward to establish Next Computer, then in 1986 he purchased minimal known The Graphics Group from Lucasfilm, which accomplished worldwide strength in vivified highlight movies amid the 1990s, in the wake of being renamed Pixar.

 

A lot of Next’s innovation had constrained business achievement, yet it established the framework for future processing improvements. The organization spearheaded the article situated programming advancement framework, Ethernet port network and synergistic programming. It was the Next interface developer that permitted Tim Berners-Lee to build up the first internet framework at Cern.

 

Without Jobs, Apple had faltered. Piece of the overall industry fell while it attempted to discharge new working frameworks. Its answer was to purchase Jobs’ organization Next, together with its inventive working framework, and welcome back its alluring previous CEO.

 

On coming back to Apple, Jobs drove the organization ever more profound into the shopper hardware and registering market, propelling the iMac and iPod.

 

Whether Jobs’ next creation changes the world like the Apple II, or ends up bombing such as the Apple Lisa, his place in figuring history is ensure